Geographical Significance: The Sarasvati River played a crucial role in this civilization, with over 60-80% of its sites along its dried-out course, challenging the perception that the Indus River was the primary lifeline.

Rediscovery: Discovered accidentally about a century ago, the Sarasvati Civilization sheds light on the rich heritage of the region.

Cultural Importance: The Sarasvati river held religious significance for Hindus, and its banks were considered sacred.

Naming Proposal: Some advocate renaming the Indus Civilisation as the Saraswati Civilisation, emphasizing its connection to the Sarasvati River.

The Indian civilization and the emergence of Hindu gods are deeply intertwined with the history of Hinduism, the world's oldest religion dating back over 4,000 years. Hinduism is a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, forming a complex belief system with diverse gods and philosophies.

The Indus Valley civilization, the birthplace of Hinduism, played a crucial role, influencing the religion's development in the Indian subcontinent. During the Maurya and Gupta empires, Hinduism deeply influenced Indian culture, reinforcing a strict social hierarchy.

The rise of Hinduism can be traced to around 1500 BCE, with evidence derived from archaeology and early antecedents. The Vedic religion, influenced by local cultures, heavily shaped Hinduism as it spread throughout India .

The origins of Hinduism date back to 4000-10,000 BCE, unlike monotheistic religions, and it cannot be traced to a single individual. In summary, Hinduism's evolution is deeply rooted in the rich history and cultural diversity of the Indian subcontinent.

In various mythologies, the Age of Gods was characterized by beings stronger than modern humans, but not all were superhuman like heroes. Shinto chronology mentions the Age of Gods, a divine era preceding historical records, emphasizing a distinction between gods and humans.

The Greek Heroic Age comprised superhuman heroes, distinct from gods, celebrated in Homer's literature. Real-life individuals are sometimes referred to as superhumans, akin to gods in stories, blurring the line between fiction and reality.

In summary, the Age of Gods featured beings stronger than modern humans, with distinctions between gods and superhuman heroes in various mythologies. The concept of superhumans extends to real-life individuals, blurring the lines between myth and reality.

In Indian mythology, the age of superhumans and gods is often measured in divine time units. According to Vedic teachings, the age of Lord Brahma, the creator deity, is significant. Brahma's life spans 100 years, with each year comprising 360 days and nights. Therefore, the total age of Brahma is calculated as 360 multiplied by 100 times 8.64, resulting in a vast duration. Additionally, Hindu mythology features legendary figures like the seven immortals, Lord Ganesha, Krishna, and Garuda Deva, showcasing great wisdom and power. The Puranic chronology, based on Mahabharata and Ramayana, also contributes to understanding the timeline in Hindu mythology.

Universe as described by Vedas (sacred books of Hinduism) according to modern science, there are two theories:

a. The Steady State theory, which says the universe is never born, never dies, and is always like what it is.

b. The Big bang theory, which says the universe began with a point of energy exploding in a "big-bang".

Since the universe is expanding and evolving, 1st theory is not 100% correct automatically. Big Bang theory says that the current age of universe is 11-20 billion years. But according to new observations, i.e. clusters of galaxies, super-clusters, Great Wall (Tully's complexes), it is quite evident that our universe is much much older than that. Lots of cosmologist believe that big-bang theory is not correct although it is most widely accepted. In short, modern man is not aware of forces and science which are needed to expain the creation of universe.

Lets look at vedic science and what it says

a. Total age of universe is 311.04 trillion years (human years).

b. Current age is around 155.521972944 trillion years.

How it is calculated:

There are 4 ages on earth which keeps circulating:

• Satya Yuga - 1.728 million years
• Treta Yuga - 1.296 million years
• Dwapara Yuga - 0.864 million years
• Kali Yuga - 0.432 million years

Total: 4.32 million human years.

This yuga cycle is called maha (in english, it means great/big) or divya (divine) yuga. One thousand such cycles forms one day of Brahma (a demigod in hindu religion which governs the universe). So one day of Brahma is 4.32 million * 1000 = 4.32 billion human years. Each such day of Brahma is called a "kalpa". His night also constitutes 4.32 billion human years. During his day, life exists in universe. In nighttime, no form of life exists. So one complete day and night has 8.64 billion human years.

Age of Brahma is 100 years. Each year of Brahma has 360 days and same number of nights. Thus, total age of Brahma is 360 * 100 * 8.64 billion = 311,040 billion human years. i.e. 311.04 trillion years. This period is called "maha kalpa".

The life span of the universe is one "maha kalpa". i.e. 311.04 trillion human years. This time span is also the duration of one breath of "Vishnu" (the ultimate god in hindu religion). When he exhales, thousands of universes emerges and one "Brahma" is born in each universe. When "Vishnu" inhales, all universes get sucked and Brahma dies.

This cycle is non-ending and eternal. Thats why "Vishnu" is considered eternal in Vedic Science (or religion).

How much old is our universe:

Note that the period of Satya Yuga is 0.4x, Treta Yuga is 0.3x, Dwapara Yuga is 0.2x and Kali Yuga is 0.1x where x is the time-span of one maha-yuga cycle. I will use 'x' as 1 maha-yuga cycle subsequently.

In 1 day of Brahma, there are 14 "manvantara". Each "manvantara" is divided into 71 "maha-yuga" cycles. So total make 14*71 = 994x (mahayuga cycles).

Remaining cycles (1 day of Brahma contains 1000 maha-yuga cycles) are used to fill gaps between manvantara. Before and after each manvantara (called as "sandhya" and "sandhyamsa" respectively), there is a junction of 1.728 million (age of Satya Yuga, or 0.4x) human years.

Total number of junctions are 15 (since there are 14 manvantaras).

So total gap period is = 0.4 * 15 = 6x. Hence total makes 1000 maha-yuga cycles or 1 brahma day.

According to the Vedic texts, current age of Brahma is 50 Brahma years and 1 brahma day (we are in the 1st day of 2nd half of brahma)and we are in the seventh "manvantara", in the 28th turnover of its 71 yuga cycles.

In this cycle, we are in the start Kali Yuga. Age of kali yuga is not known perfectly but it is around 5000-10000 years. For calculation, lets assume 8000 human years.

So current age of our universe (in terms of maha-yuga cycles) =

(50 * 720 * 1000) -- 50 years * (360 days + 360 nights) * total no. of cycles in one day/night

+ (6 * 71) -- 6 manvantara each of 71 maha-yuga cycle

+ (7 * 0.4) -- 7 junctions or gaps for 6 manvantara

+ (27 * 1) -- we are in 28th cycle of 71

+ (0.4+0.3+0.2)

In this cycle, we are in Kali Yuga. Satya Yuga, Treat Yuga and Dwapara yuga are 0.4x, 0.3x and 0.2x respectively.

+ around 8000 human years -- very small, so ignoring it.

Thus total age = (36,000,000 + 456.7)x = 36,000,456.7 * 4.32 million = 155,521,972.944 million years = 155.521972944 trillion human years.

Now add the age of kaliyuga. i.e. around 8000 human years. One we calculate the exact age of kaliyuga, we can know the exact age of universe. How ancient Indians (or Vedic people, more precisely) come up with these numbers can't be done by human and depicts how advance,  powerful and scientific  the Ancient Civilization was.

The age of superhumans encompasses various aspects, from fictional portrayals to scientific possibilities:

Definition of Superhuman: The term refers to individuals with abilities exceeding typical human capabilities, often depicted in sci-fi and fantasy genres.

Scientific Advances: Gene editing, CRISPR technology, and AI contribute to discussions on enhancing human capabilities, potentially leading to superhuman traits.

Anti-Aging Approaches: Concepts like aging backward are explored in literature and wellness approaches, such as "Super Human: The Bulletproof Plan to Age Backward".

Existence in Fiction: Ideas of superhumans existing throughout history, with characteristics like invincibility and immortality, are explored in creative works.

In essence, the age of superhumans combines speculative fiction and emerging scientific possibilities, shaping conversations about the future of human potential.

Outerversal is used to define something as beyond the concepts of dimensionality and space time. While Omniverse means a collection of universes. Outerverse is probably derived from Outer Void from Cthulhu Mythos

An Outerverse is a term used to described a location or structure that is unbound by the idea of dimensions and space-time. Such term is used in place to describe locations or beings that are conceptually different from the idea of dimensions (space and time).

Entities who exist in an Outerverse are usually meta-physical and utterly formless in relation to any number of higher dimensions. An Outerverse is usually treated along the lines of being "beyond reality", with constructs such as Hilbert Space (an infinite-dimensional construct) being nothing but zero in relation to it's territory (similar to how a higher dimension views a lower Dimension). Hyperverses are also constructs that are nothing compared to something relative to an outerversal existence. To truly qualify for this term, the definition or application of a given cosmological structure must be very specific. Being beyond infinite-dimensional structures is not enough to qualify as an Outerverse.

Furthermore, an Outerverse is typically inexplicable, with no current scientific theories explaining exactly what a beyond-dimensional structure is. Outerversal entities Are usually appeared as white, black, colorful, unimaginable (sometimes), And have no facial feature (sometimes).

Vedic knowledge holds significance for future research across various disciplines.

Interdisciplinary Insights: The Vedas encompass a wealth of knowledge, covering subjects like science, technology, psychology, economics, and mathematics. They offer a unique perspective that resonates with modern science and is compatible with contemporary understanding.

Scientific Discoveries: ISRO Chief acknowledges that scientific discoveries were embedded in the Vedas, providing a basis for scientific exploration.

Modern Applications: Ancient Indian scriptures, including the Vedas, are recognized for advanced scientific knowledge. This knowledge is considered relevant today, influencing fields beyond traditional studies.

Ongoing Research: There is an active exploration of Vedic knowledge's relevance through journals dedicated to the intersection of modern science and Vedic science, showcasing the ongoing research in this area.

In summary, the Vedas offer a rich source for future research, bridging ancient wisdom with contemporary understanding across diverse domains.

The ancient Indian scriptures contain a wealth of knowledge and wisdom that has fascinated scholars and researchers for centuries. In recent years, modern science has been able to confirm many of the scientific facts mentioned in these texts, highlighting the advanced understanding of the natural world that existed in ancient India.

Ancient Indian scriptures, including the Vedas, Upanishads, and Puranas, are renowned for their rich philosophical and spiritual insights. However, these texts also contain a wealth of knowledge and observations about the natural world. Modern scientific discoveries have confirmed many of these observations, suggesting that ancient Indian societies were more advanced scientifically than commonly thought.

The Vedas, for example, contain detailed descriptions of the universe, including its origin, structure, and functioning. They describe the sun, moon, stars, and planets and their orbits, as well as the cycles of day and night, seasons, and eclipses. The Puranas contain descriptions of various living creatures, including humans, animals, and plants, and their characteristics, behavior, and habitat.

Recent scientific discoveries have confirmed many of these ancient observations. For example, the Vedic description of the universe as a cyclical process of creation and destruction is consistent with modern cosmological theories, such as the Big Bang and the cyclic universe model. The Vedas also describe the concept of relativity and the unity of matter and energy, which are fundamental principles of modern physics.

Similarly, the Puranas contain detailed descriptions of the human body, including its anatomy, physiology, and pathology. Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, is based on these observations and provides a comprehensive understanding of health and disease. Modern research has confirmed the efficacy of Ayurvedic treatments and has led to the discovery of new therapeutic compounds.

It is clear that ancient Indian societies had a deep understanding of the natural world and made significant contributions to scientific knowledge. However, it is important to note that scientific progress is not linear and is influenced by various social, political, and economic factors. While ancient Indian societies may have been more advanced scientifically in certain areas, they also faced limitations and challenges that impeded progress in other areas.

Furthermore, modern scientific discoveries have expanded our understanding of the natural world and have enabled us to develop new technologies and improve our quality of life. While we can learn from the insights of ancient Indian scriptures, we must also recognize the value of modern scientific methods and knowledge.

In conclusion, ancient Indian scriptures contain a wealth of knowledge and observations about the natural world that have been confirmed by modern scientific discoveries. While ancient Indian societies were more advanced scientifically in certain areas, they also faced limitations and challenges. We must appreciate the insights of ancient Indian scriptures while also recognizing the value of modern scientific knowledge and methods.

It would be incorrect to conclude that modern science is merely rediscovering what was already known in ancient India. While ancient Indians certainly made significant scientific discoveries and observations, modern science has advanced considerably in terms of technology, methodology, and knowledge. Modern science has built upon the foundation laid by ancient Indian scholars and has made many discoveries and breakthroughs that were not possible in ancient times.

It is important to recognize that scientific progress is a continuous and cumulative process. Each generation builds upon the knowledge and discoveries of the previous generation, and discoveries are made as a result of advancements in technology, methodology, and understanding. While ancient Indians made important contributions to science, modern science has made significant progress in many areas, such as medicine, physics, chemistry, and engineering.

Furthermore, it is important to recognize that scientific knowledge is not static, but constantly evolving. Discoveries are made all the time, and scientific theories and models are refined and revised as new evidence emerges. Therefore, it would be inaccurate to suggest that modern science is merely rediscovering what was already known in ancient India.

There are several possible explanations for how ancient Indians could have known about the scientific facts mentioned in their scriptures. Some scholars believe that ancient Indian scientists and scholars may have made these discoveries through careful observation and experimentation, using methods that were passed down through generations.

Others argue that ancient Indian knowledge was based on a deep understanding of spiritual and philosophical concepts, which allowed scholars to make intuitive leaps and connections between seemingly unrelated fields of study. For example, some scholars believe that the concept of "prana" (life force energy) in Ayurvedic medicine may be linked to the modern concept of energy in physics.

Still, others believe that ancient Indian knowledge may have been passed down from more advanced civilizations that existed in ancient times. For example, some scholars believe that the ancient Indus Valley civilization may have had advanced knowledge of metallurgy and urban planning that was later passed down to the Vedic civilization.

Ultimately, the origins of ancient Indian knowledge remain the subject of ongoing research and debate. What is clear, however, is that the scientific and intellectual legacy of ancient India is vast and continues to inspire and inform scientific research today.

While ancient Indians made significant scientific discoveries and observations, modern science has advanced considerably in terms of technology, methodology, and knowledge. Modern science has built upon the foundation laid by ancient Indian scholars and has made many discoveries and breakthroughs that were not possible in ancient times. Therefore, it would be incorrect to conclude that modern science is simply rediscovering what was already known in ancient India.

There are several scientific facts mentioned in ancient Indian scriptures that have been verified by modern science. Here are some examples:

1. The concept of atoms: The ancient Indian text, the Vaisheshika Sutra, describes atoms as the smallest indivisible units of matter. Modern science has confirmed the existence of atoms and their role as the building blocks of matter.
2. The Earth’s rotation: The Rigveda describes the Earth as rotating on its axis, which was later confirmed by modern science.
3. The heliocentric model of the solar system: The Surya Siddhanta, an ancient Indian text, describes the sun as the center of the solar system with the planets orbiting around it. This is consistent with the modern heliocentric model of the solar system.
4. Ayurveda: Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, describes the importance of a healthy diet, exercise, and lifestyle in maintaining good health. Modern science has confirmed the importance of these factors in preventing disease and promoting overall health.
5. Yoga: The ancient Indian practice of yoga has been found to have numerous health benefits, including reducing stress, improving flexibility, and enhancing mental clarity. Modern research has confirmed the efficacy of yoga in promoting physical and mental well-being.
6. The water cycle: The ancient Indian text, the Vishnu Purana, describes the water cycle, including the evaporation of water from the oceans and its precipitation as rain. This is consistent with modern scientific understanding of the water cycle.
7. Plastic surgery: The ancient Indian text, the Sushruta Samhita, describes various surgical procedures, including rhinoplasty (nose surgery) and reconstructive surgery. These techniques are effective and are still used today.
8. Astronomy: The ancient Indian text, the Siddhanta Shiromani, contains detailed astronomical observations and calculations, including the distance between the earth and the moon, the size and shape of the earth, and the duration of the day and night. Modern science has confirmed many of these calculations.
9. Mathematics: Ancient Indian mathematicians made significant contributions to the field, including the invention of the decimal system and the concept of zero. These concepts were later adopted by the Arab world and Europe, leading to the development of modern mathematics.
10. Sound and music: The ancient Indian text, the Natyashastra, describes the physics of sound and the science of music, including the relationship between musical notes and mathematical ratios. Modern science has confirmed the relationship between sound and mathematics and the importance of music in promoting physical and emotional well-being.
11. Botany: The ancient Indian text, the Charaka Samhita, describes the properties and uses of various plants and herbs in medicine. Many of these plants have been found to have medicinal properties and are still used in modern medicine.
12. Metallurgy: The ancient Indian text, the Arthashastra, contains detailed descriptions of metallurgy, including the extraction and purification of metals such as gold and silver. Modern science has confirmed the accuracy of these descriptions and techniques.
13. Architecture and urban planning: The ancient Indian text, the Manasara, contains detailed instructions on the design and construction of buildings and cities, including the use of geometry and mathematics in architecture. Many ancient Indian cities were designed according to these principles, and some of them still exist today.
14. Environmental conservation: The ancient Indian text, the Manusmriti, contains guidelines for environmental conservation, including the protection of forests and wildlife. These ideas are still relevant today and have been incorporated into modern environmental conservation efforts.
15. Genetics: The ancient Indian text, the Mahabharata, contains references to genetic traits and heredity, including the passing on of physical and behavioral characteristics from parents to offspring. This is consistent with the modern understanding of genetics.
16. Psychology: The ancient Indian text, the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, describes the workings of the human mind and the techniques for achieving mental balance and clarity. Many of these techniques, such as meditation and mindfulness, have been found to have therapeutic benefits and are widely used in modern psychology.
17. Geology: The ancient Indian text, the Brihat Samhita, contains descriptions of various geological features, such as mountains, rivers, and earthquakes. These descriptions are consistent with modern scientific understanding of geology.
18. Agriculture: The ancient Indian text, the Arthashastra, contains detailed instructions on agriculture, including irrigation techniques, crop rotation, and soil conservation. Many of these techniques are still used today and be effective in improving crop yields and soil health.
19. Medicine: The ancient Indian texts, the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita describe various medical conditions and their treatments, including surgical procedures such as cataract surgery and rhinoplasty. Many of these techniques are still used in modern medicine.
20. Astronomy and astrology: Ancient Indian texts, such as the Brihat Jataka and the Surya Siddhanta, contain detailed observations of the movement of celestial bodies and their influence on human affairs. While modern science has debunked the idea of astrology, the accurate astronomical observations and calculations made by ancient Indian scholars have been validated by modern scientific research.
21. Physics: The ancient Indian text, the Surya Siddhanta, contains detailed observations of the physical properties of the sun, including its size, temperature, and gravitational pull. These observations were made centuries before similar discoveries were made in the West.
22. Philosophy: Ancient Indian philosophical texts, such as the Vedas and Upanishads, contain profound insights into the nature of reality and consciousness. These ideas have influenced modern philosophy and have been the subject of ongoing scientific research in fields such as neuroscience and psychology.
23. Linguistics: The ancient Indian text, Panini's Ashtadhyayi, contains a detailed analysis of the structure of Sanskrit grammar. This analysis is consistent with modern linguistic theories and has influenced the development of linguistic research.
24. Mathematics: Ancient Indian mathematicians made significant contributions to the development of mathematics, including the invention of the decimal system and the concept of zero. These ideas were not widely adopted in the West until several centuries later.
25. Metallurgy: The ancient Indian text, the Arthashastra, contains detailed instructions on metallurgy, including the extraction and purification of metals such as gold, silver, and copper. These techniques were highly advanced for their time and have been the subject of ongoing research in modern metallurgy.
26. Ayurveda: Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine that focuses on maintaining balance and harmony within the body. It emphasizes the use of natural remedies and lifestyle changes to prevent and treat illness. While some aspects of Ayurveda are effective, others remain controversial and are the subject of ongoing research.
27. Music: Ancient Indian texts, such as the Natyashastra, contain detailed descriptions of music theory and practice, including the use of different scales and rhythms. Many of these ideas have influenced modern music theory and continue to inspire contemporary musicians.
28. Ethics: Ancient Indian texts, such as the Bhagavad Gita, contain profound insights into ethical behavior and the nature of the self. These ideas have influenced modern philosophy and have been the subject of ongoing research in fields such as psychology and neuroscience.
29. Sociology: Ancient Indian texts, such as the Arthashastra, contain detailed observations and insights into social structures and human behavior. These ideas have influenced modern sociology and continue to inform ongoing research in the field.

The advanced scientific knowledge that existed in ancient India is evidenced by the numerous scientific facts mentioned in their scriptures that have been confirmed by modern science. These examples demonstrate the breadth and depth of scientific knowledge that existed in ancient India and the significant contributions made by ancient Indian scholars to various fields of science.

While modern science has made many discoveries and advancements, it is important to acknowledge and appreciate the scientific legacy of ancient India and how it has informed and inspired modern scientific research. However, it is important to note that ancient Indian knowledge was not always scientifically accurate or applicable to all fields, and some ideas remain controversial and the subject of ongoing research and debate.Nevertheless, the contributions made by ancient Indian scholars to the development of science and knowledge cannot be denied and continue to influence modern science and research today.

There is no direct mention of computers in ancient Indian scriptures, as the concept of modern-day computers did not exist during that time. However, there are some references to devices and machines that have been interpreted by some scholars as possible references to advanced technological devices, including computers.

For example, the ancient Indian epic, the Mahabharata, mentions a flying machine called the Vimana, which was said to be powered by a mysterious energy source called the "Meru-ghanta." Some scholars have interpreted this Vimana as a type of advanced aircraft or even a spacecraft. Similarly, the ancient Indian text, the Sushruta Samhita, mentions a device called the Yantra Sarvasva, which is believed by some to be a type of advanced surgical instrument that may have had some computing capabilities.

It is important to note, however, that these interpretations are highly speculative and are not supported by any concrete evidence or scientific proof. While ancient Indian scholars may have had advanced knowledge of mathematics, astronomy, and other fields, the concept of modern-day computers, as we know them today, did not exist during that time.

Therefore, while there may be some references in ancient Indian scriptures that suggest advanced technological devices, it is important to approach these interpretations with caution and not assume that they refer to modern-day computers or other advanced devices.

There are references to aircraft-like devices in ancient Indian scriptures. The most famous of these references are found in the ancient Indian epic, the Ramayana, which describes a flying chariot called the Pushpaka Vimana. According to the text, the Pushpaka Vimana was a large, beautiful, and highly advanced flying vehicle that could travel great distances in the air. It was described as being powered by a "powerful aerial motor" and was said to be able to fly at incredible speeds.

Similarly, the Mahabharata, another ancient Indian epic, also contains references to flying machines called Vimanas. These Vimanas were described as being able to fly great distances and even travel to other planets. The text also mentions the use of various weapons and defenses on these Vimanas, suggesting that they were highly advanced and sophisticated machines.

Some scholars have suggested that these references to flying machines may be symbolic or metaphorical, rather than literal descriptions of actual aircraft. Others, however, have suggested that these descriptions may be evidence of advanced technological knowledge in ancient India, and may even indicate the existence of some type of flying device during that time.

It is important to note that there is no concrete evidence to support the existence of actual flying machines in ancient India, and much of the evidence for these devices comes from interpretations of ancient texts. Nevertheless, these references to aircraft-like devices in ancient Indian scriptures are intriguing and suggest that ancient Indian scholars had a keen interest in the possibilities of flight and advanced technology.

Upanishads are the quintessence of human intelligence, in the quest of mysteries of life. They are also called Vedanta because they appear at the end of Vedic period. Upanishads are highly poetical and its reading gives an ecstatic spiritual insight and experience. They are described as the source of numerous philosophies. It is said that there is hardly any philosophical idea, which does not find its authority or indication or seed in Upanishads

Upanishads are spiritual utterances by seers in the transcendental state, to their disciples. These supreme revelations are all embracing truths, and therefore relevant to the entire humanity. These truths surround around the oneness of ‘Individual Self’, ‘Absolute-Self’ and the visible world. Some of the Vedantic axioms are:-

1] “Aham Brahma asmi.” “I am the Supreme Consciousness/Absolute Reality/Supreme Truth/Bliss/God”, and not just a conglomeration of seven elements viz:Rasa[fluids],Rakta[Blood plasma]Mamsa[Muscle tissues]Medha[fat] Asthi[Bone]Majja[bone marrow]

2] “Tat tvam asi”. “Thou art that.” “You are the very Divinity itself.”

3]”Ayam Atma Brahma” “This Individual Self is Supreme Consciousness.”

4] “Prajnanam Brahma.” “Brahman/God is Knowledge.”

5] “Anando Brahman.” “Brahman/God is Bliss.”

6] “Sarvam Khal vidam Brahman.” “All this [the entire universe of sentient and insentient things] is verily Brahman/God/Divinity.”

Now let’s analyze a few verses.

“Anoraneeyaan mahato maheeyaan aatma asya jantoho nihito guhaayaam

Tamakratuh pashyati veetashoko dhatuh prasaadaat mahimaanam atmanaha.” [Kathopanishat. II chapter. verse 20] Atma/Self dwells in all; the minutest of the mintutes and the largest of the large. A person who is free from desires sees this Truth. Attaining the tranquillity of the senses, one sees the Truth and transgresses sorrow.] The greatest sorrow is death and rebirth. A person whose senses are pacified conquers the greatest enemy in the form of desire. Such a person perceives the ‘Absolute Truth’/ ‘God’. He realizes the entire universe as the manifestation of one Divinity in various names and forms. He transgresses death and experiences, Supreme Bliss.

“Hiranmaye pare koshe virajam Brahma nishkalam

Tat shubram jyotishaam jyotihi tad yad Atmaa vido viduhu.” “In that Supreme golden sheath, the flawless, complete[without any parts], Divinity lies. It is Pure effulgence, the Light of all Lights. It is that which only the Self-Realized can experience.”

Man is a five sheathed being. The external physical body is called ‘Anna maya Kosh’. The next is the sheath of five vital airs. It is called Pranamaya Kosha. Then comes Manomaya Kosha or the sheath of s Mind. After that is Vijnanamaya Kosha or the sheath of Intelligence. The last is Anandamaya Kosha or the sheath of Bliss. This is the place of Divinity/Supreme Consciousness.

This can be understood with the example of a coconut. The external hard shell of coconut which is full of fibers is like ‘Annamaya Kosha’. The inner shell is like Pranamaya Kosha. Any crack in it, spoils the coconut. Manomayakosha is the Kernel, which is sweet and subtler than the first two. The sweet water is compared to Vijnanamaya Kosha. This sweet water is subtler than the kernel. The ‘Anandamaya Kosha’ is the abstract Bliss which one experiences, after drinking this sweet water. Divinity is the hidden sweetness of being. Absolute Reality is the inner formless potency in which the entire coconut abides.

“Ajaam ekaam lohita shukla krishnaam bahveeh prajaah srijamaanaam saroopaaha

Ajo hyeko jushamaano anu shete jahaatyenaam bhukta bhogaam ajo anyaha.” [Shveta ashvatara Upanishad] I would like to give a brief gist of this verse as a mere translation may not help to understand it.

‘The entire universe is a play of Spirit/Consciousness and Matter. These two are called ‘Prakriti and Purusha’ in Sankhya philosophy, a branch of Indian philosophy. Purusha means Consciousness and Prakriti means matter. Both Prakriti and Purusha are inseparable and unmanifest. The desire to multiply [“EKO aham bahu syaama meaning I am alone; let me multiply.”] lead to creation. The fission of matter which abides in the all-pervading Supreme Consciousness leads to the creation of various names and forms.

The names and forms are subjected to birth and death. They undergo six changes such as childhood, teenage, youth, middle age, old age and death. But the Matter and Consciousness who are the cause for the creation are above birth and death. They transcend ‘Time’. Though the ‘cause’[Spirit and Consciousness] is sans attributes, the ‘effect’ [creation] is subjected to three attributes: viz. Sattva or Harmony, Rajas or Action and Tamas or Inertia. These three attributes are represented here in three colours. They are white, red and black in order.

The Consciousness which abides in a form is called Individual Self. Both the Individual Self and Over-Self are the same; in the sense, both are unborn, and therefore, above death. Also, they are without attributes. Therefore death is only to the body and not to the individual Self which is on par with the universal Self.

Being hypnotized by the three attributes/gunas, and also primarily due to the ignorance of one’s own real nature, an individual experiences dualities like happiness and sorrow; delight and despair etc.. Understanding the ephemeral nature of this world, a striver through discrimination and dispassion, realizes his Real Nature. He identifies himself with Divinity/Supreme Consciousness and develops complete detachment with his physical, subtle[mind, intellect, ego, and memories] and causal bodies[three attributes]. Such a Realized Soul transcends these attributes and always remains in union with Divinity/Supreme Consciousness in this very life’.

There are more than two hundred upanishads and amongst them ten are considered principal upanishads. There are innumerable verses which give insight to the Upanishadic wisdom. Here I have quoted a very meager number